In this article, the details regarding used lead-acid batteries in China, including their production, recovery and utilization technologies, major regulatory policies and environmental...
To improve the coordinated sustainability of the lead industry, we suggest advancing the substitution of lead-acid batteries as soon as possible before 2030, fully utilizing
Lead grid from spent lead-acid batteries contains significant amounts of tin and antimony. In classical pyro-refining processes of lead, tin oxidizes and is transferred to dross, making its recovery Expand. Save.
Mao et al. [23] investigated the Chinese lead acid battery system and found that 16.2% of the lead content of a battery is lost during mining and concentrating, 7.2% lost during primary
The comprehensive optimization of lead-acid battery system (LABS) can promote the relationship between the development of human-socio-economic system and environment. Based on the lead
According to this research, 30% of the primary lead production can be shut down that the lead production can still ensure consecutive life cycle operation of lead-acid battery, if proper management of the spent lead-acid battery is implemented according to current lead industry situation in China.
China produces a large number of waste lead-acid batteries (WLABs). However, because of the poor state of the country''s collection system, China''s formal recycling rate is
In this article, the details regarding used lead-acid batteries in China, including their production, recovery and utilization technologies, major regulatory policies and
China produces a large number of waste lead-acid batteries (WLABs). However, because of the poor state of the country''s collection system, China''s formal recycling rate is much lower than that of developed countries and regions, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health.
Request PDF | On Mar 1, 2024, Huimin Hou and others published Path to the sustainable development of China''s secondary lead industry: An overview of the current status of waste lead-acid battery
The blood lead and airborne lead exposure concentrations for battery workers were substantially higher in developing countries than in the United States, and this disparity may worsen due to rapid growth in lead-acid battery manufacturing and recycling operations worldwide.
In this article, the details regarding used lead-acid batteries in China, including their production, recovery and utilization technologies, major regulatory policies and environmental management are summarized. This paper focuses on an analysis of the main problems and specific methods of recovery and utilization. These issues include the
In China, the world''s largest producer and consumer of lead-acid batteries (LABs), more than 3.6 million tons of waste lead-acid batteries (WLABs) are generated every year, yet only 30% of them can be recycled in a
When Gaston Planté invented the lead–acid battery more than 160 years ago, he could not have foreseen it spurring a multibillion-dollar industry. Despite an apparently low energy density—30 to 40% of the theoretical limit versus 90% for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)—lead–acid batteries are made from abundant low-cost materials and nonflammable
The amount of used lead acid batteries rises along with the rapid development of battery manufacture in China. The battery manufacture and recycling industry has developed sharply in these recent
In 2013, more than four million (metric) tons (MT) of refined lead went into batteries in China, and 1.5 MT of scrap lead recycled from these batteries was reused in other secondary...
In this article, the details regarding used lead-acid batteries in China, including their production, recovery and utilization technologies, major regulatory policies and
To improve the coordinated sustainability of the lead industry, we suggest advancing the substitution of lead-acid batteries as soon as possible before 2030, fully utilizing the advantages of low-intensity substitution after 2030, and introducing a carbon tax while avoiding high taxation rates after 2040.
Lead grid from spent lead-acid batteries contains significant amounts of tin and antimony. In classical pyro-refining processes of lead, tin oxidizes and is transferred to dross, making its
Based on the operating mechanism of the extended responsibility system for lead-acid battery producers in China, this article considers three recycling channel structures: recycling only by manufacturers (mode M), recycling by the union (mode R), and third-party recycling (mode C). This article comprehensively compares the differences between the three
In 2013, more than four million (metric) tons (MT) of refined lead went into batteries in China, and 1.5 MT of scrap lead recycled from these batteries was reused in other secondary...
The blood lead and airborne lead exposure concentrations for battery workers were substantially higher in developing countries than in the United States, and this disparity may worsen due to
This study aims to illustrate the evolution of lead in-use stocks, particularly in lead-acid batteries (LABs), and their impact on future lead metabolism in China. First, we used a bottom-up methodology to study the evolution of lead in-use stocks in China from 2000 to 2014. It was found that the lead in-use stocks increased from 0.91 to 7.75 Mt. The principal driving
The annual production of secondary lead from used lead acid batteries in China increased rapidly to 1.5 million tonnes (MT) in 2013, making china the world''s largest secondary lead producer
According to this research, 30% of the primary lead production can be shut down that the lead production can still ensure consecutive life cycle operation of lead-acid battery, if proper management of the spent lead-acid battery is implemented according to current lead industry situation in China. This research provides a methodology on the
By considering different recycling schemes, the recycling situation of spent lead-acid battery in China can be understood semi-quantitatively. According to this research, 30% of the primary...
The main reason is that lead pollution issues compelled government to control the number of battery enterprises . In China, the manufacturers of lead-acid batteries are mainly located in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hebei, Hubei and Shandong Provinces.
China produces a large number of waste lead-acid batteries (WLABs). However, because of the poor state of the country's collection system, China's formal recycling rate is much lower than that of developed countries and regions, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health.
Every year in China, approximately 300,000 lead batteries are replaced in motor vehicles and ships alone, and the annual growth rate of WLAB production is 7% (Bai et al., 2016). With the development of consumer electric bicycles, vehicles, and electronic communication devices, the number of LABs is expected to increase each year.
In China, the manufacturers of lead-acid batteries are mainly located in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Hebei, Hubei and Shandong Provinces. Fig. 4 presents the outputs of lead-acid batteries of the top ten Provinces from 2010 and 2011, which totally accounted for 90% of annual output in China . 4. RECYCLING OF SPENT LEAD-ACID BATTERIES IN CHINA
However, the average lead content of lead ore in China is only 2.88% (Peng, 2013), and it is cumbersome to mine the remaining lead ore. As a result, in recent years, China's annual import of lead concentrate has exceeded 1.40 million tons per year, and the dependence on the international market for primary lead consumption has increased.
China recorded a lead output of 6.44 million tons in 2020, of which 2.4 million tons were secondary lead output. This supplementary supply of lead accounted for 37.27% of all lead used for manufacturing in China. However, the formal recycling rate of WLABs in China is only approximately 40%.
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