This article examines pricing strategies in a closed-loop dual-channel supply chain for electric vehicle batteries both with and without a governmental reward and punishment mechanism.
Our model for the 2E-EVRP is to craft an optimal transport plan to minimize the total cost. We use the arc flow formulation to model the problem and design an exact algorithm to solve it. We make the following contributions
Request PDF | An enhanced multi-constraint state of power estimation algorithm for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles | In this paper, an enhanced multi-constraint (MC) state of power (SOP
The use of deep learning to optimize and improve lithium-ion EV batteries has been studied in detail. It covers measurements, works, ideas, and approaches while comparing and examining estimating effectiveness [15].Galiounas et al., [16] Acoustic signals can be linked to pouch cell cycling using artificial neural networks.SoC forecasts from a statistical filtering
This comprehensive analysis examines recent advancements in battery technology for electric vehicles, encompassing both lithium-ion and beyond lithium-ion technologies. The analysis begins by
According to the study, Lithium-ion batteries are the most common in EVs due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and cost-effectiveness, despite their temperature
Our model for the 2E-EVRP is to craft an optimal transport plan to minimize the total cost. We use the arc flow formulation to model the problem and design an exact algorithm to solve it. We make the following contributions in this study:
We develop an actor–critic learning-based smart charging algorithm (SCA) to schedule the EV charging against the uncertainties in EV charging behaviors. The SCA learns an optimal EV
While existing studies have largely focused on finding equilibrium prices, this study proposes a personalized dynamic pricing policy (PeDP) for a fast-EVCS to maximize revenue using a reinforcement learning (RL) approach.
We develop an actor–critic learning-based smart charging algorithm (SCA) to schedule the EV charging against the uncertainties in EV charging behaviors. The SCA learns an optimal EV charging strategy with continuous charging actions instead of discrete approximation of charging.
Abstract: The fixed service charge pricing model adopted by traditional electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs) is difficult to effectively guide the demand side resources to respond to the
According to the study, Lithium-ion batteries are the most common in EVs due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and cost-effectiveness, despite their temperature sensitivity. Other battery types, like lead-acid and nickel-based, vary in efficiency, but are less commonly used in modern EVs.
Electric vehicle battery prices start falling again. Stabilising critical mineral prices led battery pack prices to fall in 2023 . Turmoil in battery metal markets led the cost of Li-ion battery packs to increase for the first time in 2022, with prices rising to 7% higher than in 2021. However, the price of all key battery metals dropped during 2023, with cobalt, graphite and manganese prices
This article examines pricing strategies in a closed-loop dual-channel supply chain for electric vehicle batteries both with and without a governmental reward and punishment mechanism.
The lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicle (EV) applications due to their better performances as compared with other batteries. However, lithium-ion battery has some drawbacks such as the
In April 2022, prices of NCM and LFP prismatic electric vehicle (EV) battery cells reached $130/kWh and $120/kWh, respectively, 30% and 50% higher than their pre-surge levels. To respond, many EV companies inflated retail prices, typically by 3%–5%, or even discontinued the sales of low-profit EV models, e.g., the Great Wall Ora.
This paper presents the SoC estimation of lithium-ion battery systems using six machine learning algorithms for electric vehicles application. The employed algorithms are Artificial Neural Network
Abstract: The fixed service charge pricing model adopted by traditional electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs) is difficult to effectively guide the demand side resources to respond to the power market price signal. At the same time, real-time pricing strategy can flexibly reflect the situation of market supply and demand, shift the charging load
Electric vehicle (EV) battery technology is at the forefront of the shift towards sustainable transportation. However, maximising the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles depends on advances in battery life cycle management. This comprehensive review analyses trends, techniques, and challenges across EV battery development, capacity
Ideal swappable or portable electric vehicle battery choices for e-bike and e-scooter manufacturers. Customized power output between 1 KWh to 3 KWh. 2.2 Kwh swappable battery option with Industry standard dimensional requirement of 2 wheeler industry. Highly robust electric vehicle battery for Indian roads, high speed or low speed.
In this paper, a dynamic programming algorithm is used to optimize the battery AC (Alternating Current) charging–preheating strategy to minimize the total cost of battery charging and preheating, with the charging
Electric vehicle (EV) battery technology is at the forefront of the shift towards sustainable transportation. However, maximising the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles depends on advances in battery life
In April 2022, prices of NCM and LFP prismatic electric vehicle (EV) battery cells reached $130/kWh and $120/kWh, respectively, 30% and 50% higher than their pre-surge
This paper presents an experimental comparison of two types of Li-ion battery stacks for low-voltage energy storage in small urban Electric or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs/HEVs). These systems are a combination of lithium battery cells, a battery management system (BMS), and a central control circuit—a lithium energy storage and management
One of the most crucial and pricey parts of electric automobiles is the battery. The state of charge of lithium-ion batteries, which are primarily found in electric vehicles (EV''s), is essential to their ongoing functioning. To guarantee precise battery balancing and accurate assessment of the vehicle''s remaining driving range, a robust state of charge prediction model
This paper presents a transformative methodology that harnesses the power of digital twin (DT) technology for the advanced condition monitoring of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs). In contrast to conventional solutions, our approach eliminates the need to calibrate sensors or add additional hardware circuits. The digital replica works seamlessly
There is an urgent need to discover the hidden electric vehicle batteries relation, give the pricing strategy, and suggest the effective policy design. The paper studies the optimal pricing strategies for electric vehicle batteries in three different Chinese recycling channels in the government subsidies situation by using
In this paper, a dynamic programming algorithm is used to optimize the battery AC (Alternating Current) charging–preheating strategy to minimize the total cost of battery charging and preheating, with the charging current and battery preheating power consumption as the control variables.
Abstract: With the advances in the Internet-of-Things technology, electric vehicles (EVs) have become easier to schedule in daily life, which is reshaping the electric load curve. It is important to design efficient charging algorithms to mitigate the negative impact of EV charging on the power grid.
The value is derived from the average market data of electric vehicles in China and the data in the existing literature (Shao et al., 2018; Shao, Yang, and Min 2017). Some data are assumed for the consideration of availability, such as the unit production cost and market price of electric vehicles are normalized.
However, variable government subsidy policy may highly impact the pricing strategy of electric vehicle batteries recycling market in its infancy. There is an urgent need to discover the hidden electric vehicle batteries relation, give the pricing strategy, and suggest the effective policy design.
In this commentary, with a focus on lithium, we argue that although the current price spike gives the EV market a sharp short-term shock, it will not hinder transportation electrification in the long run. Despite tight supply and high-point price fluctuation of lithium, the EV market is expected to maintain steady growth for the next few years.
The insights provided in this review could guide both academic researchers and industry professionals in identifying key areas for future work. This could accelerate the transition to a more sustainable transportation ecosystem. The study flowchart is shown in Fig. 4. Section two describes EV batteries types and properties.
Lithium-free batteries like sodium-ion batteries could play similar roles in segments where the specific energy requirement is low. 13 In addition, practices such as battery swapping and fast charging can effectively contain EV battery capacity and thus suppress lithium demand.
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